Bioprecipitation as a Bioremediation Strategy for Environmental Cleanup 21

Table 2.1. Clean-up strategies (Adapted from Government of Canada 2017, LaGrega et al. 1994, Ossai et al. 2020).

Treatment Type

Goal

Process

Method

Physical

Treatment

Immobilization

Containment

Containment Booms

Skimmers

Physical Barriers

Impermeable/Slurry Walls

Frozen Walls

Surface Capping

Hydraulic Containment,

Hydraulic Control

Pump and Treat

Sorption

Sequestration

Removal

Removal

Dredging and Offsite Disposal

Volatilization

Soil Vapor Extraction

Air Sparging

Air Stripping and Steam Stripping, Steam Distillation

Desorption

Soil Washing, Soil Flushing

Soil Extraction, Solvent Extraction

Chemical

Treatment

Immobilization

Containment

Solidification/Stabilization

Encapsulation

Sorption

Immobilization

Activated Carbon Treatment

Transformation

Biodegradation

Dispersion

Emulsify

Emulsification

Hydrolysis

Dechlorination, Reductive Dehalogenation

Redox Reactions

Ultraviolet Oxidation, Photocatalytic Oxidation

Chemical Oxidation-Reduction

Removal

Desorption

Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid

Oxidation

Thermal/ Heat

Treatment

Removal

Desorption

Thermal Desorption

Hot Water Injection

Volatilization

Smoldering Combustion

Incineration

Hot Air Injection

Steam Injection

Hot Gas Decontamination

Vitrification

Transformation

Degradation

Pyrolysis

Electric and

Electromagnetic

Treatment

Removal

Volatilization

Electrical Resistance Heating

Desorption

Radio Frequency Heating

Volatilization

Microwave Heating

Electro­

migration

Electrokinetic Remediation,

Electrochemical Soil Process

Transformation

Degradation

Photocatalytic Degradation

Table 2.1 contd. ...